For the first time, scientists are able to study changes in the DNA of any human tissue, following the resolution of long-standing technical challenges by scientists at the Welcome Sanger Institute. The new method, called nanorate sequencing (NanoSeq), makes it possible to study how genetic changes occur in human tissues with unprecedented accuracy.

The study, published today (28 April) in Nature, represents a major advance for research into cancer and ageing. Using NanoSeq to study samples of blood, colon, brain and muscle, the research also challenges the idea that cell division is the main mechanism driving genetic changes. The new method is also expected to allow researchers to study the effect of carcinogens on healthy cells, and to do so more easily and on a much larger scale than has been possible up until now.

The tissues in our body are composed of dividing and non-dividing cells. Stem cells renew themselves throughout our lifetimes and are responsible for supplying non-dividing cells to keep the body running. The vast majority of cells in our bodies are non-dividing or divide only rarely. They include granulocytes in our blood, which are produced in the billions every day and live for a very short time, or neurons in our brain, which live for much longer.

Genetic changes, known as somatic mutations, occur in our cells as we age. This is a natural process, with cells acquiring around 15-40 mutations per year. Most of these mutations will be harmless, but some of them can start a cell on the path to cancer.

Since the advent of genome sequencing in the late twentieth century, cancer researchers have been able to better understand the formation of cancers and how to treat them by studying somatic mutations in tumour DNA. In recent years, new technologies have also enabled scientists to study mutations in stem cells taken from healthy tissue.

In this new study, researchers at the Wellcome Sanger Institute sought to refine an advanced sequencing method called duplex sequencing1. The team searched for errors in duplex sequence data and realised that they were concentrated at the ends of DNA fragments, and had other features suggesting flaws in the process used to prepare DNA for sequencing.

They then implemented improvements to the DNA preparation process, such as using specific enzymes to cut DNA more cleanly, as well as improved bioinformatics methods. Over the course of four years, accuracy was improved until they achieved fewer than five errors per billion letters of DNA.

Dr Robert Osborne, an alumnus of the Wellcome Sanger Institute who led the development of the method, said: "Detecting somatic mutations that are only present in one or a few cells is incredibly technically challenging. You have to find a single letter change among tens of millions of DNA letters and previous sequencing methods were simply not accurate enough.The team took advantage of NanoSeq's improved sensitivity to compare the rates and patterns of mutation in both stem cells and non-dividing cells in several human tissue types.

Surprisingly, analysis of blood cells found a similar number of mutations in slowly dividing stem cells and more rapidly dividing progenitor cells2. This suggested that cell division is not the dominant process causing mutations in blood cells. Analysis of non-dividing neurons and rarely dividing cells from muscle also revealed that mutations accumulate throughout life in cells without cell division, and at a similar pace to cells in the blood.

For more details go through: Archives in Cancer Research.

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Archives in Cancer Research